Constitutional Framework (Questions 1-50)
**1. Q: Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?**
A: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
**2. Q: When was the Indian Constitution adopted?**
A: November 26, 1949
**3. Q: When did the Indian Constitution come into effect?**
A: January 26, 1950
**4. Q: How many members were there in the Constituent Assembly?**
A: 389 members
**5. Q: Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee?**
A: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
**6. Q: How many articles were there originally in the Indian Constitution?**
A: 395 articles
**7. Q: How many schedules were there originally in the Indian Constitution?**
A: 8 schedules
**8. Q: Which article is known as the "Heart and Soul" of the Constitution?**
A: Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies)
**9. Q: Who described Article 32 as the "Heart and Soul" of the Constitution?**
A: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
**10. Q: Which country's constitution influenced the Indian Constitution the most?**
A: Government of India Act 1935 (British)
**11. Q: From which constitution did India adopt the concept of Directive Principles?**
A: Ireland
**12. Q: From which country did India adopt the idea of concurrent list?**
A: Australia
**13. Q: The concept of judicial review was borrowed from which country?**
A: United States of America
**14. Q: The parliamentary system of government was adopted from which country?**
A: United Kingdom
**15. Q: Who was the first President of the Constituent Assembly?**
A: Dr. Sachidanand Sinha
**16. Q: Who was the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly?**
A: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
**17. Q: How many times did the Constituent Assembly meet?**
A: 11 sessions over 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days
**18. Q: What is the total cost spent on making the Indian Constitution?**
A: ₹63,96,729
**19. Q: Who designed the calligraphy of the Indian Constitution?**
A: Prem Behari Narain Raizada
**20. Q: What is the length of the Indian Constitution?**
A: It is the longest written constitution in the world
**21. Q: Which part of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights?**
A: Part III
**22. Q: Which part of the Constitution deals with Directive Principles?**
A: Part IV
**23. Q: Which article defines the territory of India?**
A: Article 1
**24. Q: Under which article can the President declare Emergency?**
A: Article 352 (National Emergency)
**25. Q: Which article deals with the amendment of the Constitution?**
A: Article 368
**26. Q: What is the minimum age to become the President of India?**
A: 35 years
**27. Q: What is the minimum age to become the Prime Minister of India?**
A: 25 years
**28. Q: How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution?**
A: Originally 7, currently 6 (Right to Property removed by 44th Amendment)
**29. Q: Which article abolished untouchability?**
A: Article 17
**30. Q: Which article provides for free and compulsory education?**
A: Article 21A
**31. Q: Under which article was the Right to Education made a Fundamental Right?**
A: 86th Amendment Act, 2002
**32. Q: Which article deals with the Right to Information?**
A: It's not a constitutional provision but an act passed by Parliament in 2005
**33. Q: What does Article 356 deal with?**
A: President's Rule in states
**34. Q: Which article empowers the Parliament to create new states?**
A: Article 3
**35. Q: Under which article can Fundamental Rights be suspended during emergency?**
A: Article 359
**36. Q: Which article deals with the protection of interests of minorities?**
A: Article 29
**37. Q: What is the provision under Article 72?**
A: Presidential power of pardon
**38. Q: Which article provides for the establishment of Finance Commission?**
A: Article 280
**39. Q: Under which article is the Comptroller and Auditor General appointed?**
A: Article 148
**40. Q: Which article deals with the duties of the Prime Minister?**
A: Article 78
**41. Q: What does Article 123 deal with?**
A: President's power to promulgate ordinances
**42. Q: Which article provides for the establishment of GST Council?**
A: Article 279A (added by 101st Amendment)
**43. Q: Under which article can a Judge of Supreme Court be removed?**
A: Article 124
**44. Q: Which article deals with the composition of Legislative Councils?**
A: Article 171
**45. Q: What is provided under Article 243?**
A: Panchayati Raj institutions
**46. Q: Which part of the Constitution deals with local government?**
A: Part IX (Panchayats) and Part IXA (Municipalities)
**47. Q: Under which article was the National Judicial Appointments Commission established?**
A: 99th Amendment (later struck down by Supreme Court)
**48. Q: Which article provides for a uniform civil code?**
A: Article 44 (Directive Principle)
**49. Q: What does Article 51 deal with?**
A: Promotion of international peace and security
**50. Q: Which article empowers the President to seek advice from the Supreme Court?**
A: Article 143
## Fundamental Rights (Questions 51-100)
**51. Q: Which articles cover Fundamental Rights?**
A: Articles 12 to 35
**52. Q: How many Fundamental Rights were originally provided?**
A: Seven
**53. Q: Which Fundamental Right was removed by the 44th Amendment?**
A: Right to Property
**54. Q: What does Article 14 guarantee?**
A: Right to Equality before law
**55. Q: Which article prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth?**
A: Article 15
**56. Q: Under which article is untouchability abolished?**
A: Article 17
**57. Q: Which article deals with the abolition of titles?**
A: Article 18
**58. Q: What does Article 19 guarantee?**
A: Six freedoms (originally seven)
**59. Q: Which freedom was removed from Article 19 by the 44th Amendment?**
A: Freedom to acquire, hold and dispose of property
**60. Q: Under which article is the Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed?**
A: Article 21
**61. Q: Which article provides protection against arrest and detention?**
A: Article 22
**62. Q: What does Article 23 prohibit?**
A: Traffic in human beings and forced labor
**63. Q: Which article prohibits employment of children in hazardous occupations?**
A: Article 24
**64. Q: Under which articles is Freedom of Religion guaranteed?**
A: Articles 25 to 28
**65. Q: Which article deals with freedom of conscience and religion?**
A: Article 25
**66. Q: What does Article 26 provide?**
A: Freedom to manage religious affairs
**67. Q: Which article deals with cultural and educational rights?**
A: Articles 29 and 30
**68. Q: What does Article 32 provide?**
A: Right to Constitutional Remedies
**69. Q: Which writs can be issued by the Supreme Court under Article 32?**
A: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo-warranto
**70. Q: Who can file a writ petition under Article 32?**
A: Any person whose fundamental rights are violated
**71. Q: Can Fundamental Rights be amended?**
A: Yes, but not the basic structure (as per Kesavananda Bharati case)
**72. Q: Which case established the doctrine of basic structure?**
A: Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973)
**73. Q: Can Fundamental Rights be suspended during emergency?**
A: Yes, except Articles 20 and 21
**74. Q: Which article empowers Parliament to make laws for giving effect to Directive Principles?**
A: Article 31C
**75. Q: What is the doctrine of eclipse?**
A: Pre-constitutional laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights become dormant, not void
**76. Q: Which article deals with the Right to Education?**
A: Article 21A
**77. Q: When was the Right to Education added to the Constitution?**
A: 2002 (86th Amendment)
**78. Q: What age group is covered under Right to Education?**
A: 6 to 14 years
**79. Q: Can foreigners claim Fundamental Rights in India?**
A: Some rights like Articles 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 are available to all persons
**80. Q: Which Fundamental Rights are available only to citizens?**
A: Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
**81. Q: What does 'reasonable restrictions' mean in context of Fundamental Rights?**
A: Restrictions that are not arbitrary and are in public interest
**82. Q: Who determines if a restriction is 'reasonable'?**
A: Courts
**83. Q: What is the test of reasonableness for restrictions?**
A: Proportionality test - restriction should not be excessive
**84. Q: Can the State discriminate on grounds of sex?**
A: No, under Article 15, but special provisions for women are allowed
**85. Q: What is meant by 'State' in Article 12?**
A: Government, Parliament, Legislature, local authority, and other authorities
**86. Q: Can private individuals violate Fundamental Rights?**
A: Generally no, except in cases of horizontal application
**87. Q: What is horizontal application of Fundamental Rights?**
A: Application of rights in private relationships (limited scope)
**88. Q: Which case expanded the scope of Article 21?**
A: Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978)
**89. Q: What does 'due process' mean?**
A: Fair and just procedure established by law
**90. Q: Is there a difference between 'procedure established by law' and 'due process of law'?**
A: Initially yes, but post-Maneka Gandhi case, they are similar
**91. Q: What is preventive detention?**
A: Detention without trial to prevent future crimes
**92. Q: Which article deals with preventive detention?**
A: Article 22
**93. Q: What is the maximum period for preventive detention without advisory board approval?**
A: Three months
**94. Q: Can Fundamental Rights be waived?**
A: Generally no, but some exceptions exist
**95. Q: What is the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles?**
A: Initially Fundamental Rights prevailed, now harmony is sought
**96. Q: Which amendment gave primacy to Directive Principles in certain cases?**
A: 25th Amendment (Article 31C)
**97. Q: Can emergency provisions violate basic structure?**
A: No, basic structure cannot be destroyed even during emergency
**98. Q: What is meant by 'judicial review' of Fundamental Rights?**
A: Power of courts to examine the constitutionality of laws
**99. Q: Can Parliament take away all Fundamental Rights?**
A: No, basic structure includes essential features of Fundamental Rights
**100. Q: Which article is known as the 'Magna Carta' of India?**
A: Article 32
## Union Government (Questions 101-150)
**101. Q: Who is the head of the Union Government?**
A: President of India
**102. Q: What is the term of office of the President?**
A: 5 years
**103. Q: Who elects the President of India?**
A: Electoral College consisting of elected members of Parliament and State Legislatures
**104. Q: What is the minimum age to become President?**
A: 35 years
**105. Q: Who administers the oath to the President?**
A: Chief Justice of India
**106. Q: Can the President be removed from office?**
A: Yes, through impeachment process
**107. Q: What majority is required for President's impeachment?**
A: 2/3rd majority of total membership of the house initiating charges
**108. Q: On what grounds can the President be impeached?**
A: Violation of Constitution
**109. Q: Who acts as President when the office is vacant?**
A: Vice-President, then Chief Justice of India
**110. Q: What is the salary of the President?**
A: ₹5,00,000 per month (as per current revision)
**111. Q: Who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?**
A: Vice-President of India
**112. Q: How is the Vice-President elected?**
A: By electoral college of both houses of Parliament
**113. Q: What is the term of Vice-President?**
A: 5 years
**114. Q: What is the minimum age to become Vice-President?**
A: 35 years
**115. Q: Who is the real head of the Union Government?**
A: Prime Minister
**116. Q: How is the Prime Minister appointed?**
A: Appointed by the President
**117. Q: What is the tenure of Prime Minister?**
A: No fixed tenure, depends on majority support in Lok Sabha
**118. Q: Who is the leader of the House in Lok Sabha?**
A: Prime Minister
**119. Q: What is the maximum strength of Lok Sabha?**
A: 552 members
**120. Q: What is the current strength of Lok Sabha?**
A: 543 elected + 2 nominated (Anglo-Indian) = 545 members
**121. Q: What is the term of Lok Sabha?**
A: 5 years
**122. Q: Who is the presiding officer of Lok Sabha?**
A: Speaker
**123. Q: How is the Speaker of Lok Sabha elected?**
A: By members of Lok Sabha
**124. Q: What is the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha?**
A: 250 members
**125. Q: What is the current strength of Rajya Sabha?**
A: 238 elected + 12 nominated = 250 members
**126. Q: What is the term of Rajya Sabha members?**
A: 6 years
**127. Q: How many members of Rajya Sabha retire every two years?**
A: 1/3rd members
**128. Q: Who nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha?**
A: President
**129. Q: On what basis are members nominated to Rajya Sabha?**
A: Distinguished service in literature, science, art, and social service
**130. Q: Which house is called the permanent house?**
A: Rajya Sabha
**131. Q: Which house has more powers regarding money bills?**
A: Lok Sabha
**132. Q: What is a money bill?**
A: Bill dealing exclusively with taxation, borrowing, and expenditure
**133. Q: Who certifies a bill as money bill?**
A: Speaker of Lok Sabha
**134. Q: Can Rajya Sabha amend a money bill?**
A: No, can only recommend amendments
**135. Q: What is the time limit for Rajya Sabha to act on money bills?**
A: 14 days
**136. Q: Which house has exclusive power to initiate impeachment of President?**
A: Either house can initiate
**137. Q: What is a joint sitting of Parliament?**
A: Both houses sitting together
**138. Q: Who presides over joint sitting of Parliament?**
A: Speaker of Lok Sabha
**139. Q: When can a joint sitting be called?**
A: When there's deadlock between two houses on ordinary bills
**140. Q: Can joint sitting be called for money bills?**
A: No
**141. Q: What is the quorum in Lok Sabha?**
A: 1/10th of total membership (55 members)
**142. Q: What is the quorum in Rajya Sabha?**
A: 1/10th of total membership (25 members)
**143. Q: What are the three types of emergencies?**
A: National Emergency (Article 352), President's Rule (Article 356), Financial Emergency (Article 360)
**144. Q: Who can declare emergency?**
A: President
**145. Q: What is the maximum period of National Emergency?**
A: 6 months at a time, unlimited extensions possible
**146. Q: What majority is required to approve emergency in Parliament?**
A: Simple majority
**147. Q: Which constitutional amendment restricted the President's discretionary powers?**
A: 42nd Amendment
**148. Q: What is the role of Cabinet in emergency declaration?**
A: President can declare emergency only on written advice of Cabinet
**149. Q: Can emergency be declared on grounds of internal disturbance?**
A: No, only on grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion
**150. Q: Which amendment changed 'internal disturbance' to 'armed rebellion'?**
A: 44th Amendment
## State Government (Questions 151-200)
**151. Q: Who is the head of State Government?**
A: Governor
**152. Q: How is the Governor appointed?**
A: By the President
**153. Q: What is the term of Governor?**
A: 5 years (pleasure of President)
**154. Q: What is the minimum age to become Governor?**
A: 35 years
**155. Q: Can a person be Governor of more than one state?**
A: Yes
**156. Q: Who is the real head of State Government?**
A: Chief Minister
**157. Q: How is the Chief Minister appointed?**
A: By the Governor
**158. Q: What is the maximum strength of State Legislative Assembly?**
A: 500 members
**159. Q: What is the minimum strength of State Legislative Assembly?**
A: 60 members
**160. Q: What is the term of State Legislative Assembly?**
A: 5 years
**161. Q: What is the maximum strength of State Legislative Council?**
A: 1/3rd of Assembly strength
**162. Q: What is the minimum strength of State Legislative Council?**
A: 40 members
**163. Q: What is the term of Legislative Council members?**
A: 6 years
**164. Q: How many states currently have Legislative Councils?**
A: 6 states (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh)
**165. Q: Who is the presiding officer of State Legislative Assembly?**
A: Speaker
**166. Q: Who is the presiding officer of State Legislative Council?**
A: Chairman
**167. Q: Can Governor dissolve Legislative Council?**
A: No
**168. Q: Which article deals with Governor's powers?**
A: Articles 153 to 162
**169. Q: What is Governor's discretionary power?**
A: Powers exercised without aid and advice of Council of Ministers
**170. Q: Can Governor dismiss State Government?**
A: Yes, if it loses majority
**171. Q: What is President's Rule?**
A: Central Government's direct rule over a state
**172. Q: Under which article is President's Rule imposed?**
A: Article 356
**173. Q: What is the maximum period of President's Rule?**
A: 3 years
**174. Q: Who can impose President's Rule?**
A: President on Governor's report or otherwise
**175. Q: Which case restricted the arbitrary use of Article 356?**
A: S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994)
**176. Q: What is the role of State Election Commission?**
A: Conduct elections to Panchayats and Municipalities
**177. Q: Who appoints State Election Commissioner?**
A: Governor
**178. Q: What is the tenure of State Election Commissioner?**
A: 6 years or 62 years of age, whichever is earlier
**179. Q: Can State Legislature create or abolish local governments?**
A: No, Constitutional mandate under 73rd and 74th Amendments
**180. Q: What is the minimum age for membership in State Legislature?**
A: 25 years
**181. Q: Who decides disputes regarding disqualification of MLAs?**
A: Speaker/Chairman in consultation with Election Commission
**182. Q: What is anti-defection law?**
A: 10th Schedule - prevents defection by legislators
**183. Q: When was anti-defection law added?**
A: 52nd Amendment (1985)
**184. Q: Who decides anti-defection cases?**
A: Speaker/Chairman
**185. Q: What is the time limit for Speaker to decide anti-defection cases?**
A: No specific time limit mentioned
**186. Q: Can anti-defection law be challenged in court?**
A: Yes, judicial review is available
**187. Q: What is a 'whip' in legislative context?**
A: Direction issued by political party to its members
**188. Q: Is voting against whip ground for disqualification?**
A: Yes, under anti-defection law
**189. Q: What is merger under anti-defection law?**
A: When 2/3rd members of a party merge with another party
**190. Q: Can an independent member join a political party?**
A: Yes, without disqualification
**191. Q: What happens if an independent member joins a party after election?**
A: No disqualification for joining, but disqualification if leaves later
**192. Q: Who appoints Advocate General of the State?**
A: Governor
**193. Q: What is the tenure of Advocate General?**
A: Pleasure of Governor
**194. Q: What are the qualifications of Advocate General?**
A: Same as Judge of High Court
**195. Q: Can Advocate General practice in courts?**
A: Yes, but with restrictions
**196. Q: What is the role of Advocate General?**
A: Chief legal advisor to State Government
**197. Q: Who appoints State Public Service Commission members?**
A: Governor
**198. Q: What is the tenure of SPSC Chairman?**
A: 6 years or 62 years of age
**199. Q: Can SPSC members be removed?**
A: Yes, by President on proven misbehavior or incapacity
**200. Q: What is the role of State Public Service Commission?**
A: Recruitment to state civil services
## Judiciary (Questions 201-250)
**201. Q: What type of judicial system does India have?**
A: Integrated judicial system with single hierarchy
**202. Q: Which is the highest court in India?**
A: Supreme Court of India
**203. Q: Where is the Supreme Court located?**
A: New Delhi
**204. Q: When was the Supreme Court established?**
A: January 26, 1950
**205. Q: What was the name of highest court before independence?**
A: Federal Court of India
**206. Q: What is the maximum strength of Supreme Court?**
A: 34 judges (including Chief Justice)
**207. Q: Who appoints Supreme Court judges?**
A: President
**208. Q: What is the procedure for appointing Supreme Court judges?**
A: Collegium system
**209. Q: What is the retirement age of Supreme Court judges?**
A: 65 years
**210. Q: What are the qualifications for Supreme Court judge?**
A: Citizen of India, 10 years as High Court judge or 15 years as advocate
**211. Q: Who administers oath to Supreme Court judges?**
A: President or Chief Justice
**212. Q: Can Supreme Court judges be removed?**
A: Yes, through impeachment
**213. Q: What majority is required for impeachment of judges?**
A: 2/3rd majority of present and voting members
**214. Q: On what grounds can judges be removed?**
A: Proven misbehavior or incapacity
**215. Q: What are the original jurisdictions of Supreme Court?**
A: Disputes between Center and States, Inter-state disputes
**216. Q: What is appellate jurisdiction?**
A: Power to hear appeals from lower courts
**217. Q: What is advisory jurisdiction?**
A: Power to give opinion on legal questions referred by President
**218. Q: Under which article does President seek Supreme Court's advice?**
A: Article 143
**219. Q: Is Supreme Court bound to give advice to President?**
A: No, and the advice is not binding on President
**220. Q: What is PIL?**
A: Public Interest Litigation
**221. Q: Who can file PIL?**
A: Any person in public interest
**222. Q: What is locus standi?**
A: Right to bring action or appear in court
**223. Q: Has PIL relaxed the concept of locus standi?**
A: Yes
**224. Q: What is judicial review?**
A: Power to examine constitutionality of laws and executive actions
**225. Q: Is judicial review mentioned in Constitution?**
A: Not explicitly, but implied
**226. Q: Which case established Supreme Court's power of judicial review?**
A: Marbury vs Madison (US case that influenced Indian jurisprudence)
**227. Q: What is judicial activism?**
A: Active role of judiciary in governance
**228. Q: What is judicial restraint?**
A: Limited role of judiciary, respecting separation of powers
**229. Q: What is contempt of court?**
A: Disobedience or disrespect to court
**230. Q: What are the types of contempt of court?**
A: Civil contempt and Criminal contempt
**231. Q: What is the punishment for contempt of court?**
A: Fine or imprisonment up to 6 months
**232. Q: How many High Courts are there in India?**
A: 25 High Courts
**233. Q: Which is the oldest High Court in India?**
A: Calcutta High Court (1862)
**234. Q: What is the retirement age of High Court judges?**
A: 62 years
**235. Q: Who appoints High Court judges?**
A: President in consultation with Chief Justice of India and Governor
**236. Q: Can High Court judges be transferred?**
A: Yes, by President after consultation with Chief Justice
**237. Q: What is the jurisdiction of High Court?**
A: Entire state or union territory
**238. Q: What are the powers of High Court?**
A: Original, appellate, supervisory, and writ jurisdictions
**239. Q: Which article empowers High Courts to issue writs?**
A: Article 226
**240. Q: What is the difference between Article 32 and Article 226?**
A: Article 32 is for Supreme Court, Article 226 for High Courts
**241. Q: Can High Court refuse to issue writs?**
A: Yes, High Court has discretionary power unlike Supreme Court
**242. Q: What is subordinate judiciary?**
A: District courts, session courts, magistrate courts below High Court
**243. Q: Who controls subordinate judiciary?**
A: High Court
**244. Q: Who appoints district judges?**
A: Governor in consultation with High Court
**245. Q: What is Lok Adalat?**
A: People's court for settlement of disputes
**246. Q: What is the legal basis for Lok Adalat?**
A: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
**247. Q: What is Gram Nyayalaya?**
A: Village court for speedy justice at grassroot level
**248. Q: When was Gram Nyayalaya established?**
A: Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
**249. Q: What is National Judicial Appointments Commission?**
A: Proposed body for appointment of judges (struck down by Supreme Court)
**250. Q: Why was NJAC struck down?**
A: Violated independence of judiciary
## Federalism (Questions 251-300)
**251. Q: What type of federalism does India follow?**
A: Quasi-federal (federal with unitary features)
**252. Q: How many lists are there in 7th Schedule?**
A: Three lists
**253. Q: What are the three lists in 7th Schedule?**
A: Union List, State List, Concurrent List
**254. Q: How many subjects are in Union List?**
A: 100 subjects (originally 97)
**255. Q: How many subjects are in State List?**
A: 61 subjects (originally 66)
**256. Q: How many subjects are in Concurrent List?**
A: 52 subjects (originally 47)
**257. Q: Who has power to make laws on Union List subjects?**
A: Only Parliament
**258. Q: Who has power to make laws on State List subjects?**
A: Only State Legislature
**259. Q: Who can make laws on Concurrent List subjects?**
A: Both Parliament and State Legislature
**260. Q: In case of conflict between Central and State law on concurrent subjects, which prevails?**
A: Central law prevails
**261. Q: What are residuary powers?**
A: Powers not mentioned in any list
**262. Q: Who has residuary powers in India?**
A: Parliament (Central Government)
**263. Q: Which article gives residuary powers to Parliament?**
A: Article 248
**264. Q: Can Parliament make laws on State List subjects?**
A: Yes, in certain circumstances
**265. Q: Under which article can Parliament make laws on State subjects during emergency?**
A: Article 250
**266. Q: What is Article 249?**
A: Parliament's power to make laws on State subjects if Rajya Sabha passes resolution by 2/3rd majority
**267. Q: What is Article 252?**
A: Parliament's power to make laws for two or more states by their consent
**268. Q: Can Parliament create new states?**
A: Yes, under Article 3
**269. Q: What procedure is followed for creation of new states?**
A: Simple majority in Parliament after President's recommendation
**270. Q: Is consent of affected state required for alteration of boundaries?**
A: No, only consultation required
**271. Q: Which article deals with Inter-state disputes?**
A: Article 131
**272. Q: Who resolves inter-state disputes?**
A: Supreme Court
**273. Q: What is Interstate Council?**
A: Body for resolving disputes and coordinating policies
**274. Q: Under which article is Interstate Council established?**
A: Article 263
**275. Q: Who heads the Interstate Council?**
A: Prime Minister
**276. Q: What is Zonal Council?**
A: Regional body for coordination between states
**277. Q: How many Zonal Councils are there?**
A: 6 (Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, North-Eastern)
**278. Q: When were Zonal Councils established?**
A: 1956
**279. Q: What is All India Services?**
A: Common services for Centre and States
**280. Q: Which are the All India Services?**
A: IAS, IPS, IFS (Indian Forest Service)
**281. Q: Who recruits All India Services?**
A: UPSC
**282. Q: Who controls All India Services officers?**
A: Both Centre and State
**283. Q: Can states create new All India Services?**
A: No, only Parliament can create
**284. Q: What majority is required in Rajya Sabha for creating new All India Service?**
A: 2/3rd majority of present and voting
**285. Q: What is Article 356?**
A: President's Rule in states
**286. Q: What is constitutional breakdown?**
A: Failure of constitutional machinery in state
**287. Q: Can President's Rule be challenged in court?**
A: Yes, after S.R. Bommai case
**288. Q: What is the maximum period of President's Rule at one time?**
A: 6 months
**289. Q: What is the total maximum period of President's Rule?**
A: 3 years
**290. Q: What approval is required for extending President's Rule beyond one year?**
A: Parliament must approve by special majority
**291. Q: What is Article 355?**
A: Duty of Centre to protect states
**292. Q: What is Article 356 popularly known as?**
A: President's Rule
**293. Q: Which state has been under President's Rule maximum times?**
A: Uttar Pradesh
**294. Q: Can Governor dismiss state government arbitrarily?**
A: No, must have valid reasons
